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Oliver Otis Howard

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Born: November 07 1830

Died: 2525 10 19091909

Oliver Otis Howard was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. As a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac, Howard lost his right arm while leading his men against Confederate forces at the Battle of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June 1862, an action which later earned him the Medal of Honor. As a corps commander, he suffered two humiliating defeats at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg in May and July 1863, but recovered from the setbacks as a successful corps and later army commander in the Western Theater.

Known as the "Christian general" because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep religious piety, he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, with the mission of integrating the former slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era. Howard took charge of labor policy, setting up a system that required freed people to work on former plantation land under pay scales fixed by the Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with white land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the legal affairs of the freedmen. He attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions, but lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in the 1866 elections and imposed Radical Reconstruction, with the result that freedmen were given the vote. With the help and advice of the Bureau, freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes of most of the southern states. Howard was also a leader in promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Howard University in Washington and serving as its president 1867–73.

After 1874, Howard commanded troops in the West, conducting a famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe. Utley concludes that his leadership against the Apaches in 1872, against the Nez Perce in 1877, the Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878, and against the Sheepeaters in 1879 all add up to a lengthy record, although he did not fight as much as George Custer and Nelson Miles.

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Oliver Otis Howard

Oliver Otis Howard

Books from Oliver Otis Howard

Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard Major General US Army V1

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol. III

Reminiscences of Ulysses S. Grant: First-Hand Accounts of the General, the President and the Man from Those Who Knew Him

My life and experiences among our hostile Indians (1907)

Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major-General, United States Army; Volume 2

Nez Perce Joseph: An Account of His Ancestors, His Lands, His Confederates, His Enemies, His Murders

The Pursuit and Surrender of Geronimo: Dispatches, Reports, and Correspondence of Brigadier-General Nelson A. Miles, U.S. Army, Department of Arizona, April 1886 through February 1887

A Brief History of the Mexican War

Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard Major General US Army V2

Statement of Br. Maj. Gen. O.O. Howard

Revised Report Made to the Legislature of Pennsylvania Relative to the Soldiers' National Cemetery

Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard Major General US Army V1

My Life And Experiences Among Our Hostile Indians: A Record Of Personal Observations, Adventures, And Campaigns Among The Indians Of The Great West, With Some Account Of Their Life, Habits, Traits, Religion, Ceremonies, Dress, Savage Instincts, And

Oration of Major-General O.O. Howard, and Speech of His Excellency, A.G. Curtin ..

My Life And Experiences Among Our Hostile Indians: A Record Of Personal Observations, Adventures, And Campaigns Among The Indians Of The Great West, ... Ceremonies, Dress, Savage Instincts, And