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Rudolf Clausius

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Born: January 01 1822

Died: 2323 08 18881888

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Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius , was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, On the Moving Force of Heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem which applied to heat.

Clausius was born in Köslin in the Province of Pomerania in Prussia. He started his education at the school of his father. After a few years, he went to the Gymnasium in Stettin . Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844 where he studied mathematics and physics with, among others, Gustav Magnus, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Jakob Steiner. He also studied history with Leopold von Ranke. During 1847, he got his doctorate from the University of Halle on optical effects in the Earth's atmosphere. He then became professor of physics at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin and Privatdozent at the Berlin University. In 1855 he became professor at the ETH Zürich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, where he stayed until 1867. During that year, he moved to Würzburg and two years later, in 1869 to Bonn.

In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War. He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services.

His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter.

In 1886 he remarried Sophie Sack, and then had another child.

Two years later, on 24 August 1888, he died in Bonn, Germany.

Honors:

Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1859.

Iron Cross of 1870

Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1868 and received its Copley Medal in 1879.

Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1878.

Huygens Medal in 1870.

Foreign Member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome in 1880

Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1880

Poncelet Prize in 1883.

Honorary doctorate from the University of Würzburg in 1882.

Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences in 1888

The lunar crater Clausius named in his honor.

A memorial in his home town of Koszalin in 2009

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Rudolf Clausius

Rudolf Clausius

Books from Rudolf Clausius

The Mechanical Theory Of Heat (1879)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Memoirs by Carnot, Clausius, and Thomson

Über Die Verschiedenen Maasssysteme Zur Messung Electrischer Und Magnetischer Gr�ssen (Classic Reprint)

Abhandlungen �ber Die Mechanische W�rmetheorie, Vol. 1: Abhandlungen, Welche Die Begr�ndung Der Mechanischen W�rmetheorie, Nebst Ihrer Anwendung Auf Die in Die W�rmelehre Geh�rigen Eigenschaften Der K�rper Und Auf Die Dampfmaschinentheorie Enthalte

Die Mechanische Behandlung Der Electricität

The Mechanical Theory of Heat